However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Bull Earthq Eng 12:79–109, Bilham R, Lodi S (2010) The door knockers of Mansurah: strong shaking in a region of low perceived seismic risk, Sindh, Pakistan. Within a targeted area, excavations revealed that the monument had a massive brick core, which was dated to around the eleventh century CE through Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating. 2009: 13; Rodríguez-Pascua et al.
Ratna Putsak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Chaulagain H, Gautam D, Rodgrigues H (2017) Revisiting major historical earthquakes in Nepal: Overview of 1833, 1934, 1980, 1988, 2011, and 2015 seismic events. For example, in Padua, Italy, within the Piazza Duomo, damaged structures were levelled and overlaid with paving during a programme of redevelopment in response to an earthquake dated to 1117 CE (Forlin and Gerrard 2017: 99). J Br Acad 7(S2):45–82, Davis CE, Coningham RAE, Gunawardhana P, Pushparatnam P, Schmidt A, Manuel MJ (2019) The antiquity of Jaffna Fort: new evidence from post-disaster archaeological investigations in northern Sri Lanka. Trench to the southwest of Jaisidewal Temple, with sequence of brick walls exhibiting shear crack and slight extrusion (a); tilting and collapse (b); crack and collapse of upper wall; and tilting of lower wall below (c). For example, there are several examples of sandblows in the Indian state of Gujarat, an effect associated with liquefaction.
In the rush to rebuild, traditionally constructed foundations are being removed and replaced with modern materials without assessments of whether these contributed to the collapse of a monument. Below this brickbat paving, earlier cultural phases were identified.
In advance of this, excavations were undertaken to assess why the monument had collapsed and to provide information on damage to foundations that could inform reconstruction and rehabilitation initiatives. 2018).
Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. The death toll is expected to rise. From excavations conducted at Dumakhal, a settlement located close to Changu Narayan, the debris from collapsed structures, uncovered towards the later stages of the archaeological sequence, is attributed to a major earthquake at some point in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries CE (Khanal and Riccardi 2007: 48). In combination with the classification of EAEs developed from examples in Europe, the Middle East and Meso-America, as well as examples from previous studies within South Asia and both the standing architecture and previously excavated sequences of the Kathmandu Valley, we were able to identify possible EAEs during the evaluations and assessments of foundations and earlier cultural sequences, conducted adjacent to collapsed monuments within the Kathmandu Valley (Table 1). volume 24, pages729–751(2020)Cite this article. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. This earthquake caused large scale damage to life and property in Bihar and other affected areas. ?�xD�2����b��7(��|�+�J�_���� Looking for a price quote for TMT Bar? With reference to these examples, EAEs were then separated into primary effects (both structural and geological) and secondary effects. in 2019: 62), will provide further evidence of potential reuse of wooden architectural elements and whether different phases of the monument were constructed on top of these foundations at later dates, potentially in reaction to earthquakes. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. At Pashupati, in some instances, it was possible to identify vertical cracks linked to the displacement of walls. A classification of EAEs was initially developed by drawing on examples from Baelo Claudia, Cadiz, in southern Spain (Giner-Robles et al. 2019: 64). 3b), the Jagannath temple in Hanuman Dhoka’s Durbar, or palace, Square and at structures within Bhaktapur’s palace complex (Fig. The impact was reported to be felt in. The 1934 Bihar earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history.
J Archaeological Sci 33:1008–1016. This wall was then abutted at its south by an east-west wall, which was fractured, with a large crack causing the wall to displace, break in two and lean outwards towards the northwest. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. More than a thousand people were killed. Bihar Earthquake in 1934: The earthquake in Bihar that occurred in 1934 Bihar is considered as one among the worst quakes in the history of India. Vertical cracks identified below a double saddle stone in the foundations of the Kasthamandap (a) and below a saddle stone in the foundations of the Gurujyu Sattal, Pashupati (b). 2015: 1–3). 2019). Some 30,000 people died on that day. However, monuments with similar foundation construction across the Kathmandu Valley have not been found to display EAEs. This also indicates that potential areas of stress and damage were minimised and localised, rather than causing catastrophic failures. This outer part of the foundation appears to be deformed and tilted towards the exterior, with a folded profile due to a likely seismic horizontal load (Fig. The last major earthquake of modern times, prior to the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, was the 8.4 magnitude Bihar Earthquake of 1934 (Chaulagain et al. The earthquake struck Uttarkashi on October 20th. Potentially taking on a symbolic significance, cosmological designs for foundation layouts, as well as ritual deposits, may also have been devised to protect monuments and communities from future catastrophic events.
The scientific date for a structure identified running under the west of the Trailokiya Mohan temple, extracted from an Optically Stimulated Luminescence sample of the soil forming the wall’s construction surface, was 1040 ± 120 CE. 2016a). Basukala et al.
This suggests the strong possibility of two quite separate phases of construction (Coningham et al. 2. It was the most horrible natural disaster to hit Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–Bihar border earthquake. It is likely that such a design with mud mortar brick masonry foundations linked to saddle stones and the superstructure above was designed to save the structure from further seismic stress, limiting damage to a few specific locations. Routledge, London, pp 275–290, Coningham, RAE and Young, RL (2015) The archaeology of South Asia: from the Indus to Asoka c.6500 BCE – 200 CE. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Korn W (2014) The traditional Newar architecture of the Kathmandu Valley: the Shikaras. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. This is around 600 years prior to the traditional date of 1679 CE for the monument constructed above. Furthermore, a range of EAEs, from a series of postulated seismic events, were identified during excavations within Harigaon (Verardi 1992). On the other hand, archaeology provides extraordinary evidence for the understanding of past seismic adaptation and preparedness (e.g.
This material can then be left until such a time that heritage professionals are available to process and analyse it, identifying artefacts and structural elements and materials that can be salvaged and reused (Coningham et al.
Post-seismic secondary effects include fires, flash floods from collapsed dams, phases of abrupt abandonment, including stratigraphic gaps within the archaeological record, and evidence of the reuse of materials and repair of buildings. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepalâs History. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Building on methods initially outlined by Feilden (1987: 41), a simple grid was placed across the site, with debris removed and then deposited in a replicated grid located close to the damaged monument. 2010; Langenbach 2007) implemented by those who originally constructed and maintained the monument. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. 2017: 67). As such, we also hope to demonstrate the potential of the multidisciplinary field of archaeoseismology, or earthquake archaeology, both within South Asia and within immediate post-disaster environments. 2018: 165). Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 21:183–199, PDNA (2015) Post disaster needs assessment: cultural heritage (June 2015). Although EAEs are more readily identified within monumental standing stone constructions, evidence from the archaeological record in South Asia indicates the potential for identifying seismic damage within archaeological sequences and brick-built structures. Such deposits may have provided a ‘life-breath’ to a building and afforded its protection, as well as the prosperity and welfare to those performing the ceremony during the construction of a monument (Slaczka 2007: 84, 201).
Generally undertaken without scientific recording, these interventions have led to the irreversible destruction of earlier subsurface phases of cultural activity and the potential loss of evidence for successful traditional seismic adaptations and risk reduction strategies, with no research into whether modern materials, such as concrete and steel, would offer enhanced resilience. 2016d; Coningham et al. Quat Int 424:1–3, Sintubin M (2011) Archaeoseismology: past, present and future. You are currently offline. Within Patan’s Durbar Square, our GPR survey identified several anomalies below the current paving, and excavations not only revealed a clay platform adjacent to the collapsed Char Narayan Temple but also a portion of a brick wall sealed below an earlier phase of paving. 4). In 2015, the earthquake was felt as far as New Delhi, Kolkata and has left over 1800 people dead so far in Nepal itself. A further circuit of brick wall formed an outer foundation, which appeared to have been buttressed by another wall on its exterior at a later date (Strickland 2017). Nepal and its adjacent areas are vulnerable to very high magnitude of earthquake. 2018: 176–177; Coningham and Weise 2019).
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