Those who were believed to be Korean or Chinese were murdered on the spot. [5]:108, Kanagawa Prefectural Police chief Nishizaka Katsuto reported that on the night of September 1 he gave his district chiefs "a certain mission to deal with the emergency situation," the details of which he refused to describe. Popular, To use social login you have to agree with the storage and handling of your data. var _g1;
On the first day of September 1923, Tokyo was hit with a powerful 7.8 strength earthquake. A series of towering waves swept away thousands of people. The flames closed in from all directions, and then, at 4 p.m., a 300-foot-tall “fire tornado” blazed across the area. In part because he presciently believed that the next war would be fought by airplanes and aircraft carriers were exempt from the 1921 conference, but also because he wished to reduce British and Japanese naval power. Many Tokyo residents (from 38,000 to 44,000) fled to the open ground of the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho, once called the Army Clothing Depot. Check if you have access via personal or institutional login, COPYRIGHT: © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2014. California Do Not Sell My Info Some orders were conditional, such as killing Koreans who resist arrest, but others were more direct: "kill any Koreans who enter the neighborhood" or "kill any Koreans you find. The last earthquake happened in 1854 and, prior to that, in 1707. One of these was this 1923 earthquake, the other arrived in 1703. His citation reads as follows: For heroism in effecting the rescue of a woman from the burning Grand Hotel, Yokohama, Japan, on 1 September 1923. [5]:105 In the town of Yokosuka, police officers told locals that Korean men were raping Japanese women, inciting Japanese men to form vigilante lynch mobs. However, the government had no intent of sentencing the participants as they would murderers. [5]:114 Paper plays called kamishibai were performed for children which portrayed the slaughter with vivid, bloody illustrations. "The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans in 1923: Notes on Japan's Modern National Sovereignty." Japan's worst earthquake of all time wasn't nearly its biggest. The massacre is also known as the Massacre of Koreans in 1923. Japanese expressed resentment toward Western rescuers; demagogues in the United States charged that the Japanese had been “ungrateful” for the outpouring of help they received. To compound the problem, the Prime Minister of Japan had died suddenly and his successor had not yet taken office, nor identified his cabinet, so various members of the previous government had to take responsibility for the restoration work. Hot CrossRef; Google Scholar; Google Scholar Citations. 4, p. 1335. "[7]:85, Books denying the massacre and repeating the government frame story of 1923 became constant bestsellers in the 2010s. Joshua Hammer is a contributing writer to Smithsonian magazine and the author of several books, including The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts and The Falcon Thief: A True Tale of Adventure, Treachery, and the Hunt for the Perfect Bird. Historical studies of past Tokai tsunamis enable geologists to assess their impacts from the wave records. Nevertheless, there are parallels. All dates are listed according to UTC time. Although the shock waves had weakened by the time they reached through the Kanto region to Tokyo, 17 miles north of Yokohama, many poorer neighborhoods built on unstable ground east of the Sumida River collapsed in seconds.
Get the best viral stories straight into your inbox before everyone else! [21]:115 Police chief Nishizaka himself distributed bidan stories of heroic police protecting Koreans, which he later admitted in an interview were carefully selected to omit unflattering aspects. The earthquake, he has written, “fostered a culture of catastrophe defined by political and ideological opportunism, contestation and resilience, as well as a culture of reconstruction in which elites sought to not only rebuild Tokyo, but also reconstruct the Japanese nation and its people.”.
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