Javier Lozano Barragán having served 10 years as a cardinal-deacon, was promoted to Cardinal Priest of Santa Dorotea by Pope Francis on 12 June 2014.
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Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 5. [11] With the banning of ordination for indigenous men, the priest was always a Spaniard (and in later years one who passed as one). They were loyal to Madero right up to the point they fomented a successful coup against him in February 1913. When Spaniards embarked on the exploration and conquest of Mexico, a Catholic priest accompanied Hernán Cortés’s expedition. Cline, "Church and State: Hapsburg New Spain," p. 250. Carrying out these traditionally nonreligious tasks often produced conflicts within the church or between religious and civil officials. The implementation of the policy was marked by statements of the Secretary of the Interior (Gobernación) that religious liberty and freedom of conscience would be respected and that the government would not provoke conflict with the Church. Early testaments in Nahuatl have been invaluable for the information they provide about Nahua men and women’s property holding, but the religious formulas at the beginning of wills were largely that and did not represent individual statements of belief. The regular clergy and other orders now replaced the Jesuits in their work with the Indians. These included Bartolomé Carrasco, bishop of Tapachula in Southern Mexico; Manuel Talamás, bishop of Ciudad Juárez; and Adalberto Almeida y Merino of archbishop of Chihuahua.[151]. Chand, ‘’Mexico’s Political Awakening’’, p. 177. Catholics are to be found in the van of rural self-defense movements, leading transnational civic protests against judicial impunity, and decrying the abuses suffered by Central American migrants at the hands of border vigilantes. Nonetheless, the Mexican government began moves to normalize diplomatic relations with the Vatican. In the late eighteenth century, one of the Bourbon Reforms was the removal of this fuero, making the clergy subject to civil courts.[31]. A bishop ruled over a geographical district, a diocese, subdivided into parishes, each with a parish priest. Urban festive culture and pious associations provided venues for cross-cultural encounter, and Yucatecans of all stripes partook in a cultural system centered on local devotions, miraculous apparitions, and powerful (and potentially enriching) images. [50], The Church has also canonized a number of twentieth-century Saints of the Cristero War; Father Miguel Pro was beatified in 1988 by John Paul II. As head of second Audiencia, his punishment of the members of the first Audiencia, sent a message to the colonists. The Niños Mártires de Tlaxcala (child martyrs of Tlaxcala), who died during the initial "spiritual conquest" of the 1520s, were the first lay Catholics from the Americas beatified, done in 1990 by John Paul II.[47]. Before embarking on his Apostolic Visit to Mexico in February of 2016, Pope Francis said, in an interview, he would come “as a pilgrim, to look for something among the Mexican people.
The Mexican government claimed that the cardinal’s murder was the result of mistaken identity by narcotrafficker hitmen. For the Catholic laity, the restrictions on their ability to exercise freedom of worship in public settings and the closure of churches in their communities may have had greater resonance than the matter of State regulation of the clergy.
Stephen W. Angell Conversion of the Indians was part of their mandate. The Catholic leadership played a crucial role in the 1994 and 2000 presidential elections, actively encouraging citizens to participate in the election as both a Christian and civic responsibility.
