Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed to as much as 1 km (0.62 mi) in places due to drawback (negative wave), which was followed by a massive second tsunami wave. It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms. The hardest-hit country outside Asia, Sweden, lost 543 tourists, mainly in Thailand. It is observed that before this great earthquake, there exists an accelerating moment release (AMR) process with the temporal scale of a quarter century and the spatial scale of 1 500 km. [53] However, not all tsunamis cause this "disappearing sea" effect. However, casualties seemed to be comparatively light in comparison to the mainland of Aceh. Much of the ecological expertise has been rendered from work with the Great Barrier Reef, in Australia's northeastern waters. [citation needed] Inundation limit was found to be up to 1.25 km (0.78 mi) inland. Besides that, a 10 m (33 ft) black muddy tsunami ravaged the city of Karaikal, where 492 lives were lost. Karakaisis G F, Papazochos C B, Savvaaidis A S et al. [19] Confirmation and communications to the islands were further hampered by damage to telecommunication infrastructures, where phone lines were broken and radio networks were been said to be down due to bad weather. The yellow circle indicates the epicenter and the contour lines show by how much the nearby ocean floor and islands were either uplifted (red) or submerged (blue). Media reports stated that the tsunami was directed by seaside limestone cliffs towards Leupung, which had a population of ten thousand. Deadly tsunami waves wreaked havoc in this densely populated Jogindar Nagar area, situated 13 km (8.1 mi) south of Campbell Bay. It is observed that before this great earthquake, there exists an accelerating moment release (AMR) process with the temporal scale of a quarter century and the spatial scale of 1 500 km. Accelerating seismic crustal deformation in the North Aegean trough, Greece [J]. Tsunami heights became lower from the west coast, the south coast to the east coast of the island. [152], Nations all over the world provided over US$14 billion in aid for damaged regions,[153] with the governments of Australia pledging US$819.9 million (including a US$760.6 million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$660 million, Japan offering US$500 million, Canada offering US$343 million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$183 million, the United States offering US$35 million initially (increased to US$350 million), and the World Bank offering US$250 million. Reports indicated that the tremors were not felt by the population. [149], The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. The entire provincial government of Aceh, which had its capital at Banda Aceh was reportedly wiped out by the deaths of the provincial legislators, and many government workers. However, because of the initial quick response, this was minimized. The raising of the seafloor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 mm (0.004 in).[23]. An accurate picture of the damage was made difficult due to the insurgency of the separatist Free Aceh Movement and the Indonesian military crackdown which means that there were relatively few journalists, government offices, or aid workers in northern Sumatra prior to the earthquake. [134], The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined is the world's deadliest natural disaster since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. western coast of Sumatra, although there have been none in recent history. It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 Mw, reaching a Mercalli intensity up to IX in certain areas. The level of damage to the economy resulting from the tsunami depends on the scale examined. Pure Appl Geophys, 142: 83–99. [16], The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was initially documented as having a moment magnitude of 8.8. J Geophys Res, 103: 24359–24372. [93][94], Tidal surges also occurred along the Western Australian coast that lasted for several hours, resulting in boats losing their moorings and two people needing to be rescued. [citation needed] The second and third waves came in 10 minutes intervals after the first wave. The environmental impact will take a long time and significant resources to assess. Despite a delay of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken by surprise. "Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami", "United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development", "Researchers uncover 2004 tsunami predecessor", "Scientists Find Evidence of Tsunamis on Indian Ocean Shores Long Before 2004", "Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World (Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths)", "Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea – challenges associated with developing a new integrated database", "Associated Press û Tsunami survivors cling tightly to faith across ravaged region", "Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement", "Asia Pacific Journalism Centre – Home Page". W=9.0 earthquake was investigated using the Harvard CMT catalogue. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of 24 m (80 ft) when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 m (100 ft) in some areas when travelling inland. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted as a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand. Only about 30 percent of the townspeople survived. In Campbell Bay of Great Nicobar island, the tsunami waves hit the area three times with an inundation limit of 250–500 m (820–1,640 ft). The maximum tsunami wave height of 11 m (36 ft). In the seaside section of Ulee Lheue, the flow depths were over 9 m (30 ft). The flow depth at the city was just at the level of the second floor, and there were large amounts of debris piled along the streets and in the ground-floor storefronts. Tsunami heights in Khao Lak were much higher than on Phuket Island. In northern Sumatra , which lies almost above the fault, shaking may have been experienced for up to several minutes. In Aceh and Sumatera Utara Provinces, Indonesia, at least 108,100 people were killed, 127,700 are missing and presumed dead and 426,800 were displaced by the earthquake and tsunami. Robinson R. 2000. A moment-magnitude scale [J]. It was completely destroyed by tsunami. In total, eight people in South Africa died due to high sea levels and waves. The small airport nearby was reopened, enabling small aircraft to land there.[14]. H�b```f``������%� ̀ �@1V �X((��h���{��B�r�n��+4�3��o�>������Iq%� ۅ�z歞M��� 1SE��%*�WZ:�;Bf*00pt4 1�f��`�h`� ��Q\� 51n �v)�32�i`l�e���`�� p(��� ���wl-r��8@|��A��$�fb? Major damage occurred in two narrow strips of land bound on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by the Kerala backwaters. [37] Because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 microseconds per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). Also on 27 December a spokesperson for the Free Aceh Movement declared a ceasefire so humanitarian aid could reach survivors, and so as not to complicate the already devastating situation, however some expressed doubt that there would be good-faith cooperation between the Free Aceh Movement and the Indonesian military. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. In the town of Meulaboh in Aceh, for instance, where thousands are waited for aid, 99 percent of the bridges were gone and 60 percent of asphalt roads awash with mud according to Lom. [55] John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground. [119][120] In Sri Lanka artisanal fishery, where the use of fish baskets, fishing traps, and spears are commonly used, is an important source of fish for local markets; industrial fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct employment to about 250,000 people. Hanks T C and Kanamori H. 1979. It was caused by subduction with an epicentre off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Moreover, the cost of damage in the transport sector was reported in the tens of thousands. [125], Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. Eyewitnesses often compared the December tsunami heights with the "rainy-season high tide"; although at most locations, the tsunami height was similar or smaller than the "rainy-season high tide" level. The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. Papazachos B and Papazachos C. 2000. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1 km/s (1.3 mi/s; 7,600 km/h; 4,700 mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions). The Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system was formed in early 2005 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts. The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0)[22] and Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011. Although the country's western Andaman Sea coastline lies at the proximity of the rupture zone, there were smaller tsunamis than the neighbouring Thai coast, probably because the main tsunami source did not extend to the Andaman Islands. On 6 January the Indonesian military reported that soldiers had been attacked while on humanitarian missions. The measured tsunami height on this beach was 5.8 m (19 ft). [141][142] The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami-affected areas, in special video-conferences set up by the Asia Pacific Journalism Centre. The United Nation's Children's Fund reported on Thursday[clarification needed] that aid for 200,000 people, including medical supplies, soap and tarpaulin, was being held at Jakarta for a day to clear customs. In 1861, an estimated M8.8-9.2 earthquake ruptured much of the subduction zone along the west coast of Sumatra, south of the 2004 and 2005 fault ruptures, causing damage all along the coast and on the offshore islands of Sumatra. Not every earthquake produces large tsunamis: on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely. "An escalation in the number of deaths is almost a certainty," according to William Hyde, Jakarta-based emergency relief coordinator for the International Organisation for Migration.
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